With just days in office, South Korea’s new president, Lee Jae-myung, is making diplomatic waves as a guest at the G7 Summit, pushing for "pragmatic diplomacy" and signaling the world that “Democratic Korea is back.”

In an interview with Arirang TV, APARC and Korea Program Director Gi-Wook Shin unpacks the implications of President Lee’s G7 appearance and what it tells us about his global strategy – from trade talks and U.S.-China dynamics to engagement with Japan and North Korea, and the road to APEC 2025 in Gyeongju. Watch:

This commentary was first published in the Journal of Democracy.

Lee Jae-myung of the Democratic Party won South Korea’s June 3 presidential election with 49.4 percent of the vote. The outcome was widely anticipated, given a political climate that strongly favored the liberal camp in the aftermath of the impeachment of President Yoon Suk Yeol. Still, Lee’s victory was not as overwhelming as some might have expected. With 99.6 percent of the votes tallied, the two main conservative candidates — Kim Moon-soo and Lee Jun-seok — together garnered a slightly higher combined vote share of 49.5 percent (41.2 percent and 8.3 percent, respectively) Why, then, did Korean voters ultimately choose Lee Jae-myung but with a measured endorsement rather than a landslide victory, and what does it mean for Korean democracy?

This election followed a period of intense political turmoil that began with President Yoon’s declaration of martial law on December 3 of last year and his impeachment just two months ago. While the election results were expected, they still raise important questions about the future of Korean democracy. Do the last six months reflect the resilience of democratic institutions — capable of self-correction through legal and electoral processes — or, have these events exposed the fragility of Korea’s democracy, with its deep political divisions and public distrust in leadership?

In many ways, the answer is both. Civic engagement and a peaceful transfer of power during such a challenging episode suggest a strong democratic foundation. At the same time, the election outcome still shows a highly polarized electorate, underscoring the hurdles that lie ahead for Korean society and politics.

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2017 vs. 2025

This was the second time in a decade that Korea held a snap presidential election. The first occurred eight years ago, following the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye. In this regard, Koreans have grown familiar with the impeachment process and snap elections. In both instances, the impeached presidents — Park in 2017 and Yoon in 2025 — were conservatives, and both elections resulted in liberal victories, with Moon Jae-in (2017–22) and now Lee Jae-myung taking office.

The 2025 election, however, differs significantly from the 2017 contest, with important implications for Korean democracy.

First, the impeachment process this time was far more divisive. In 2017, liberal groups mobilized millions in mass protests demanding Park’s removal, and conservatives largely accepted the outcome without major resistance. In contrast, Yoon’s impeachment was extremely contentious, sparking counterprotests from conservative groups. Waving “Stop the Steal” signs, far-right movements gained strength, determined not to see a repeat of 2017, which not only led to defeat at the polls but also a brutal campaign of political retribution by the ensuing liberal government.

Second, this polarization profoundly influenced voting behavior. Even conservatives who criticized Yoon’s declaration of martial law ultimately rallied behind Kim, a candidate less critical of the controversial order. The left-right political divide had deepened during the Moon and Yoon administrations. In 2017, a centrist candidate like Ahn Cheol-soo could attract more than 20 percent of the vote. In 2025, however, such space for a centrist voice has all but vanished. The election became a fierce contest between liberals (Lee Jae-myung) and conservatives (Kim Moon-soo and Lee Jun-seok), reflecting the polarized electorate.

Third, the tense political atmosphere left little room for substantive policy debate. While important topics including artificial intelligence, energy, climate change, social reconciliation, and foreign policy were included in their campaign pledges, discussions around these issues remained superficial at best. Instead, the campaign was dominated by harsh personal attacks and negative rhetoric from all sides.

Reformer or Strongman?

Given that this was a snap election, the new administration will assume office immediately on June 4 without the usual transition period. What can we expect from the new leader, particularly regarding Korea’s democratic future?

Lee’s appeal lies in his image as a pragmatic reformer, someone who speaks to economic struggles and social inequalities facing ordinary Koreans. His personal story itself resonates deeply: Born into poverty, he overcame significant hardship to become a human-rights lawyer, then rose through the political ranks as mayor of Seongnam, a city near Seoul, and later as governor of Gyeonggi Province, the most populous province in the country, before taking the Democratic Party leadership. This dramatic personal and political ascent has inspired many Korean citizens.

Yet Lee’s candidacy has not been without controversy. He remains under multiple criminal investigations and court trials related to charges of bribery, corruption, and breaking election laws, and his often-combative style has created the perception of a deeply polarizing figure. Many conservatives view Lee as a radical populist who shows insufficient regard for democratic norms and institutional checks.

Given the mixed perception and expectation surrounding President Lee, what kind of leadership can we expect from his administration? Two possible paths seem to lie ahead for the new leader still relatively unknown to the outside world: one resembling the approach of former president Moon Jae-in, and the other inspired by the legacy of Korea’s first liberal president, Kim Dae-jung (1998–2003). The direction Lee chooses will have major implications for the future of Korean democracy.

Lee may follow in the footsteps of Moon Jae-in, leading a campaign of political retribution that pushes Korea toward illiberal democracy. Lee has personal reasons for political resentment: He was aggressively investigated by the Yoon administration and still faces ongoing legal challenges. He has spoken publicly about the need to root out what he calls “forces of insurrection,” raising concerns that he might pursue a hardline campaign similar to Moon’s controversial efforts to “eradicate deep-rooted evils.”

Lee’s party has also pledged to advance judicial reforms that could weaken the Supreme Court, which on May 1 overturned an earlier acquittal by the Seoul High Court of Lee’s criminal charge of election-law violation. With his party now holding a parliamentary majority, traditional checks and balances could be on the line. If Lee uses his consolidated executive and congressional power to settle political scores, the result will only deepen social divisions and facilitate democratic backsliding. In such a scenario, he risks being viewed in Korea and elsewhere as yet another strongman leader in a world where such figures have been on the rise.

Alternatively, Lee could chart a course akin to that of former president Kim Dae-jung, who is widely considered a respected statesman and reformer. Kim overcame intense personal hardship, including a death sentence under a military regime, and yet chose reconciliation over revenge when he took power. He formed a coalition with conservative leader Kim Jong-pil and guided the country through the Asian financial crisis with a focus on national unity and pragmatic reform. Unlike Moon, who turned over power to the conservatives after five years, Kim effectively enabled a liberal succession.

Lee, often viewed as less ideological and more pragmatic than Moon, could take a similar path — one centered on cooperation, healing, and practical solutions. This possibility appears plausible given that his key advisors on both domestic and foreign affairs are not cut from the same cloth as Moon’s inner circle. By emulating Kim’s legacy, Lee could rise above political divides and earn broad national and international respect.

What Lies Ahead?

The political drama of the last six months ended with this election, but its impact on Korea’s democracy will be enduring. On one hand, the peaceful resolution of a snap election, especially following the highly contentious impeachment process, demonstrates the strength and resilience of Korean democratic institutions. Voters remained highly engaged (turnout was 79.4 percent, the highest since 1997), and the electoral process held firm under pressure.

On the other hand, the deep partisan divides expose fissures in Korea’s democratic fabric. Mistrust in political elites, a divided society, and a highly polarized media environment often dominated by sensationalism continue to threaten constructive democratic dialogue. Moreover, the rise of populist rhetoric on both the left and right reflects an electorate increasingly driven by emotional appeals or identity politics rather than substantive policy debate or national vision. Without a concerted effort by both liberals and conservatives toward reconciliation, political polarization is likely to deepen. Bridging that divide will be one of the most critical and difficult tasks for Korean democracy.

Despite his election victory, Lee faces a challenging road ahead, both personally and politically. Since the Supreme Court overturned Lee’s acquittal of violating election law, the case is set to go back to the Seoul High Court for retrial on June 18. While the final ruling is likely to be delayed until after his term ends, the case may continue to cast a shadow over his integrity and credibility as the country’s top leader.

Lee also has the daunting task of delivering the institutional reforms promised during his campaign. In particular, he needs to follow up on his pledge to replace the current single five-year presidential term with a four-year term allowing for a subsequent reelection. This change could bring political stability, as presidents would have an incentive to perform well during their first term to secure a second one. Furthermore, a potential eight-year presidency would provide more time to implement long-term policies. Past presidents have made similar promises, but none have succeeded in realizing them. It remains to be seen whether Lee’s administration can rise above partisan politics and rebuild public trust through meaningful reforms.

Ultimately, this election has been both a stress test and a reaffirmation of Korea’s democratic resilience. It highlights the urgent need for democratic renewal, while demonstrating that, even in times of deep political division, democratic institutions and norms can endure. This lesson holds global relevance, particularly for the United States, where democracy is also being put to the test.

Gi-Wook Shin's Election Analysis in the Media

Lee Jae-myung begins his road to power. Can he fulfill his promises amid numerous challenges?
Caixin Media, June 6 (Chinese, subscription) quoted)

He survived a knife attack, stormed Parliament, and campaigned in a bulletproof vest. Now he's going to heal a country.
Politiken, June 4 (Danish, subscription) (quoted)

Lee Poised for Decisive Win in South Korea's Snap Election
AFP, June 3 (quoted)

New South Korean President Lee Takes Power After Resounding Election Win
AFP, June 3 (quoted)

The Challenges Facing South Korea's New Leader Lee
AFP, June 3 (quoted) 

Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) are putting a significant strain on families and healthcare systems worldwide, and with increasing life expectancies, they pose an escalating global challenge. As one of the world’s fastest aging economies, South Korea’s efforts to address the burden of care for people living with ADRD offer valuable lessons for other nations grappling with the social and economic pressures of the demographic transition.

A new comprehensive review of Korea’s programs and policies to promote healthy aging and diagnose, treat, and care for people living with ADRD sheds light on progress and ongoing challenges. Published in the May 2025 issue of Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, the review offers insights from Korea’s strategies that resonate far beyond its borders.

The co-authors – Stanford health economist Karen Eggleston, the director of APARC’s Asia Health Policy Program (AHPP), and Daejung Kim, an associate research fellow at the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs – focus on recent policies supporting “aging in place” for independent seniors and palliative care for those needing greater support.

Eggleston and Kim used a mixed-methods review of dementia care in Korea over the past 25 years, combining a critical analysis of peer-reviewed social science and health policy studies in both English and Korean, quantitative analysis of Korean statistical agency data compared with other OECD countries, and interviews with local policymakers and welfare administrators in a region with a high proportion of elderly population.

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Social and Policy Pressures in a Rapidly Aging Economy

Korea is aging fast, and the prevalence of ADRD among older adults is expected to surge, as is the projected social and economic toll of dementia care. Demographic and economic projections suggest that the annual cost of ADRD in Korea would increase from 0.9 percent to almost four percent of GDP from 2019 to 2050.

“Korea’s demographic transition, like its economic development, has been compressed into just a few generations,” Eggleston and Kim explain. “As a result, its triumph of longevity and current extra-low fertility engender social strains and policy pressures to address the burgeoning needs for long-term services and support – including prevention of ADRD, investing in early detection, and providing appropriate care for people with ADRD, which often involves addressing the broader social issue of financial support for older adults and detecting cognitive decline in those still engaged in the labor force.”

A Foundation for Dementia Care Service Delivery

Korea has taken decisive steps to build a comprehensive system for dementia care, leveraging its national health insurance and long-term care insurance (LTCI). This dual insurance framework aims to reduce unnecessary hospitalizations and shift social care away from medical settings.

Research shows that “the adoption of LTCI in 2008 helped to address regional disparities by providing nationwide risk pooling for long-term care services,” but the system still faces hurdles. Within Korea’s private-dominated service delivery system, the public-private balance varies significantly across different services, coordination between healthcare and long-term care services remains fragmented, and there is a need for better integration of community-based support.

Furthermore, “social insurance is no panacea for mitigating disparities and securing financial support for the most vulnerable citizens, such as people with ADRD and their families,” Eggleston and Kim note. Out-of-pocket payments for medical care still constitute a substantial portion of Korean household consumption.

Livelihood and Workforce Challenges

In light of Korea’s limited sources of financial support for its older citizens, the country has relatively high labor force participation, especially among older men. This high level of employment of older Koreans may bode ill in an economy where many of the “senior employment” positions – primarily low-paying roles in the service sector – are not age-friendly.

Giving elderly persons a reason to get up in the morning has its benefits, Eggleston and Kim note, but having them perform service jobs is not a sustainable way to support livelihoods and healthy aging. “How decision-making by cognitively impaired individuals affects health and financial well-being can be considered the defining feature of the economics perspective on ADRD and its social impacts,” the co-authors say.

The growing demand for professional dementia care strains Korea’s caregiving workforce in other ways. Amid the shortage and aging of caregivers, much of dementia care falls on unpaid family members, often women in their 50s, lowering their rates of labor force participation in prime age. The burden on these informal caregivers is profound.

The authors note that “Korea needs more strategies to recruit, retain, and empower a knowledgeable and resilient caregiving workforce.”

Prevention and Early Diagnosis: A Mixed Picture

Early detection is critical for planning care and support for people with ADRD, and Korea is taking steps to design programs and incentives for healthy aging habits and early ADRD detection. These efforts, however, require stronger staffing and funding to offer more personalized and coordinated care.

Another set of challenges stems from the underuse of existing long-term services and support programs and the need to diversify them. Currently, providers have weak incentives to offer palliative care, while families and patients often struggle to choose comfort care over ongoing medical treatments.

Policymakers must also expand the target group of beneficiaries and diversify long-term services and support for daily life, including promoting a reduction in risk factors associated with dementia, such as low educational attainment, smoking, physical inactivity, uncontrolled chronic diseases, and depression. Eggleston and Kim call for developing “additional care service types such as hospital companion and nutrition support services” and integrating new technologies as part of a diversified, long-term aging-in-place care system.

Expanding Care Options 

The demographic transition has been accompanied by shifting social norms regarding responsibilities and caregiving, meaning significantly fewer Koreans believe care for older parents is the sole responsibility of family members. Accordingly, Korean policies aim to strengthen home- and community-based services (HCBS). Yet, the country’s share of at-home care recipients remains lower than in many peer economies.

“Making the vision of quality HCBS a reality involves multiple dimensions of financing and service delivery, tailored to local and individual circumstances while supporting equitable access nationally for those in need,” write Eggleston and Kim.

Institutional care in residential facilities remains a necessity for frail older people with ADRD and multiple comorbidities. While the supply of such service providers has greatly improved and long-term care insurance coverage has enhanced their affordability for families, wide disparities in quality of care for those in residential facilities persist. Meanwhile, hospice and palliative care remain largely an underdeveloped care option for people with ADRD in Korea.

Lessons for Aging Economies

South Korea’s dementia care journey illustrates the complex balancing act of addressing the multiple dimensions of a rapid demographic transition. The country’s efforts to promote healthy aging and diagnose, treat, and care for people with ADRD offer valuable insights for other economies that must prepare to provide long-term support for their aging populations.

One major imperative in Korea and elsewhere is ensuring that dementia care policies and programs are based on robust evidence. “To utilize limited resources most effectively, it will be critical to design and collect policy-relevant evidence about what works for people with ADRD and their care partners,” Eggleston and Kim write.

Demographic shifts worldwide have increased the number of older workers, and many economies are facing a critical question: Are their labor markets ready to support older workers?

Researchers have found that, in the United States, the surge of older workers has gone hand–in-hand with an increase in the number of “age-friendly jobs” – roles with working conditions more suitable for aging employees, such as placing fewer physical demands or offering greater scheduling flexibility. Yet it remains unclear whether comparable trends have taken hold in other aging economies.

A new study, published in the Journal of the Economics of Ageing, helps fill in this gap by examining the evolution of age-friendly jobs in South Korea (hereafter Korea), where the number of workers aged 50 and over increased by 165 percent from 2000 to 2023. Korea is now officially considered a "super-aged" society, and the government is doubling down on its efforts to bolster the workforce.

The study, co-authored by Hyeongsuk Kim and Chulhee Lee, both of Seoul National University, and Stanford health economist Karen Eggleston, the director of APARC’s Asia Health Policy Program, examines Korea’s workforce and economy to determine whether the nation significantly expanded its 50+ workforce by creating job opportunities favorable for older workers or if some other mechanism is at play. 

The co-authors examined the job characteristics experienced by older Koreans relative to their younger counterparts and U.S. older workers. Second, they analyzed data collected in 2020 about Korean workers, evaluating their jobs based on various parameters in the Age-Friendliness Index (AFI), a tool that measures the degree to which jobs are more suitable for older workers. The researchers considered AFI factors such as the requirement for heavy physical activity, the pace of the job, and the possibility of telecommuting. They also examined how the number of age-friendly jobs changed from 2000 to 2020.

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The study finds that, while age-friendly jobs have increased in Korea, the number grew more slowly than in the United States, indicating that the U.S. market responded more quickly to changes in workforce demographics. Furthermore, the study indicates that older Koreans were not the main beneficiaries of age-friendly jobs. Instead, women and college-educated workers benefited more from these jobs, while non-college-educated men have seen fewer gains. “These results highlight the uneven adaptation of Korea’s labor market to demographic change and suggest that social norms and labor market frictions shape age-friendly job creation and who benefits from those jobs,” the researchers write.

The study also unveils that, in Korea, the working conditions of employees aged 50–61 differ significantly from those aged 62 or older. Despite the nation's high employment rates for those aged 65 and older, the researchers discovered that a third of working Koreans over the age of 62 held jobs requiring heavy physical activity and earned lower wages. Additionally, only a little over one-fifth of them had jobs that allowed for “mostly sitting.”

Labor Market Frictions

The study’s authors propose several explanations for why Korea’s economy, despite a significant increase in older workers, has not adapted as quickly as the United States in placing these workers in age-friendly occupations. One reason is Korea's comparatively low level of pension support, which forces workers to fill a disproportionate number of low-skilled, temporary, and day jobs. It may be that many older workers are forced to work, regardless of whether the jobs are friendly to their needs. Another reason may be the rigidities of the labor market, including strong protections against employees being laid off. Such protections are beneficial for workers, but they restrict companies' ability to restructure their workforce. Moreover, the role of chaebol, or large corporations, may also be significant. Although chaebol are producing and selling more, they have also increased automation and resorted to outsourcing instead of hiring additional workers.

Older workers in Korea are also facing competition from women for age-friendly jobs. The researchers noted significant gender-related changes in the country's education and employment levels. In 2009, the percentage of women enrolling in college surpassed that of men, and the percentage of women in the workforce increased by 2.5% from 2000 to 2023. Korean women are likely to have an even stronger preference for the flexibility of age-friendly jobs than American women because of gendered responsibilities for household production.

The study’s results, researchers said, reinforce key findings from previous studies: "that 'age-friendly' jobs appeal to many kinds of workers, not just older adults; and that labor market frictions shape who benefits from age-friendly jobs."

As governments grapple with rising life expectancies and shrinking traditional working-age populations, ensuring that older adults can continue working safely and with dignity is key to sustaining economic growth and social stability. According to the study, South Korea has made impressive strides in keeping older people in the workforce, but the next challenge is ensuring work itself evolves to meet their needs.

How do aging populations reshape health and innovation policies in Asian economies? What role can the private sector play in public health service delivery, and how do individual preferences affect the development of emerging technologies? Mai Nguyen and Jinseok Kim, the 2024-25 Asia health policy postdoctoral fellows at APARC, focus on these questions as part of their research into health care service adaptation and behavioral economics.

At a recent joint seminar, “Health, Aging, Innovation, and the Private Sector: Evidence from Vietnam and Korea,” they offered a comparative look at how Vietnam and South Korea navigate aging populations, rising healthcare demands, and rapid technological change. While Nguyen focuses on health system design in Vietnam and Kim explores innovation diffusion in Korea, they both use discrete choice modeling to understand how individuals make decisions within systems influenced by age, infrastructure, and policy.

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Nguyen and Kim’s work is supported by APARC’s Asia Health Policy Program (AHPP), which offers a postdoctoral fellowship each year to an early-career scholar conducting original research on health policy in the Asia-Pacific, particularly in low- and middle-income economies across the region. The fellowship demonstrates the program’s commitment to fostering the next generation of Asia-focused health policy researchers.

Vietnam’s Mixed Health System and the Role of Patient Choice

Mai Nguyen’s research centers around the role of private healthcare providers in Vietnam, especially for patients managing chronic diseases such as diabetes. She studies how patients choose between public and private healthcare providers, and what attributes of care they value most.

To analyze these preferences, she uses a method known as the Discrete Choice Experiment, which allows her to quantify the relative importance of various service attributes — such as appointment flexibility, doctor choice, quality of care, drug diversity, and cost coverage — in influencing patients’ decisions.

Nguyen’s interest in this topic began while she worked at Vietnam’s Ministry of Health. “That earlier work highlighted the growing contribution of the private sector in filling service delivery gaps, particularly in urban areas and for non-communicable diseases such as diabetes,” she says.

Her findings suggest that Vietnam’s private sector has become a necessary complement to public healthcare. “Despite potential downsides, such as increased costs, equity concerns, and profit-driven service delivery, my study finds that private healthcare helps relieve pressure on the public system and meets diverse patient needs.”

At APARC, Nguyen has sharpened the focus of her research under the mentorship of AHPP Director Dr. Karen Eggleston, a leading expert on public and private roles in Asian health systems. Nguyen also values her collaboration with Jinseok Kim. “Dr. Kim’s expertise provides valuable insights into how Korea is addressing the challenges of a rapidly aging population through innovative policy and service delivery models,” she notes.

Her time at Stanford has also broadened Nguyen’s horizons beyond traditional health economics. “I have developed a strong interest in the application of artificial intelligence to enhance the delivery of medical services,” she says. Looking forward, she plans to expand her research to Asian American populations in the United States, exploring how AI and digital health can improve diabetes care while also addressing barriers related to equity and access.

Innovation Adoption and the Aging Consumer in South Korea

Jinseok Kim investigates how aging affects new technology adoption and consumer behavior in South Korea, a country facing one of the fastest demographic shifts in the world.

“My current research involves looking at population aging and innovation diffusion, specifically in the context of the rapid aging trend in Korea,” Kim says. He studies how age influences consumer preferences in choosing new technologies such as electric vehicles, telemedicine, and generative AI platforms like ChatGPT.

Understanding these preferences, Kim argues, is critical for both policy and market strategy. “By working out the relationship between consumer choice and population aging, I forecast the effect of the population aging trend on the diffusion of innovative products and provide the potential policy and marketing implications for government policy and corporate management.”

The challenge, he says, lies in making sense of a wide range of behaviors across age groups and product types. “The biggest challenge I had in my studies was finding the overarching trend in the relationship between consumer choice for particular innovative products and population aging and then translating this finding into meaningful implications for society and the economy.”

Kim credits his time at APARC, especially participating in the Stanford Next Asia Policy Lab (SNAPL) meetings, with broadening his perspective. “Working as a member of SNAPL gave me insights and perspectives I didn’t have before,” he says.

SNAPL, directed by Professor Gi-Wook Shin, is an interdisciplinary research initiative housed within APARC addressing pressing social, cultural, economic, and political challenges in Asia through comparative, policy-relevant studies. The lab cultivates the next generation of researchers and policy leaders by offering mentorships and fellowship opportunities for students and emerging scholars.

Kim sees APARC’s model as effectively bridging academia and policy. “There are so many opportunities to interact with other scholars, policymakers, and practitioners,” Kim says. “Scholars here not only research and write, but they also get to share their voice and research findings in real-world policy.”

His advice to early-career researchers is straightforward. “Be more down-to-earth with your studies and thinking,” Kim says. “Sometimes scholars tend to get caught up in their way of thinking and perspective, but it may not be practical in real life. That is why I think it is important to just get outside and observe real consumer choice and behavior.”

Kim plans to continue researching questions related to innovation and demographic change to help governments and businesses adapt to aging populations and shifting consumer needs.

Ground-Level Data, Big-Picture Impact

Mai Nguyen and Jinseok Kim approach shared societal challenges through distinct yet complementary lenses. Nguyen’s research reveals how patient preferences can guide more effective public-private collaboration in healthcare, ultimately shaping systems that are more responsive to real-world needs. Meanwhile, Kim examines how patterns of technology adoption — especially among older adults — can influence the trajectory of innovation in aging societies.

Both scholars emphasize the value of ground-level data in addressing large-scale issues. By centering real behaviors and preferences, their work helps inform smarter, more adaptive policy, whether in designing patient-centered care or planning for technology's role in future societies. At APARC, their research bridges theory and practice, offering fresh insight into how Asian countries can navigate the twin forces of demographic change and rapid innovation.