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In most countries, bureaucratic agencies handle regulatory enforcement. But the United States does things differently. Embedded in statutes governing consumer protection, antitrust, employment, civil rights, and the environment are more than 10,000 "private rights of action"―legal provisions that empower ordinary citizens and their lawyers to enforce the law through lawsuits. This is how Americans regulate everything from wage theft to air pollution to corporate fraud. 

How Americans Enforce the Law book cover

How Americans Enforce the Law tells the story of this distinctively American approach to governance. Diego Zambrano reveals that private enforcement is not a modern innovation but an inherited tradition dating to medieval English "penal statutes" that colonial America adopted and intensified. The book traces how this system evolved through critical junctures and was boosted by twentieth-century procedural innovations like broad discovery rules and class actions that transformed scattered statutory clauses into a mass-litigation engine.

This is the first comprehensive account of private enforcement's origins, operations, and future. Offering both celebration and critique, Zambrano shows why private enforcement works well in employment law, for instance, but has been weaponized in environmental law. He creates a framework for determining when this uniquely American form of governance serves the public interest, and when it can be used to undermine democracy.

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The National Consortium for Teaching about Asia (NCTA), funded by the Freeman Foundation, is a multi-year initiative to encourage and facilitate teaching and learning about East Asia in elementary and secondary schools nationwide. NCTA is a premier provider of professional development on East Asia.

From July 6 to 9, 2026, SPICE Teacher Professional Development Manager Naomi Funahashi and Event Coordinator Sabrina Ishimatsu hosted a summer institute for middle school teachers, most of whom are teaching in California. Fifteen teachers enrolled. SPICE was so grateful for their active participation and for sharing their reflections and insights on subject matter content and pedagogical content knowledge.

The first three days featured subject matter content lectures on topics commonly taught at the middle school level in California. These included lectures on “Chinese Dynasties” and “The Silk Road” by Dr. Clayton Dube, Senior Fellow at the USC U.S.-China Institute, and “Tokugawa Japan” by Professor Ethan Segal, Michigan State University, who received his PhD from Stanford. SPICE is a partner site of the USC U.S.-China Institute, one of seven National Coordinating Sites of the NCTA. Dr. Clayton Dube is Director Emeritus of the USC U.S.-China Institute, and SPICE now works with Glenn Osaki, Director, and Crystal Hsia, Program Specialist, of the USC U.S.-China Institute. 

I have been very inspired by all the interactive meetings. Each truly serves as a model for creating engaging lessons for our students… There were so many interesting and relevant topics such as the different dynasties, the role and expectations of women, and cultural exchange!—Elena Giron, Elizabeth Learning Center, Cudahy, California

 

As a K–8 Mandarin teacher, I’m always looking for meaningful ways to help my students understand how Chinese language and culture have influenced other parts of East Asia. After today’s session, I began thinking about how I might incorporate elements of Japanese history, culture, or art into my Mandarin curriculum while still keeping Chinese language learning at the center.—Shu-Chen Lin, San Domenico School, San Anselmo, California


The first three days also featured demonstrations of SPICE curricula that focused on pedagogical content knowledge. These included demonstrations of Japanese Art in the Edo Period, by Karen Tiegel, Middle School Division Head at The Nueva School and a former SPICE Curriculum Writer; Along the Silk Road, by Rylan Sekiguchi, SPICE Manager of Curriculum and Instructional Design; and Angel Island, Chinese American Voices, the Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project, and What Does It Mean to Be an American?, by Jonas Edman, SPICE Instructional Designer. 

I will definitely incorporate the SPICE Silk Road curriculum into my teaching. I especially appreciate the interactive nature of its online resources, which make the content more engaging and accessible for students. The curriculum provides meaningful opportunities for students to actively explore the history, geography, and cultural exchanges of the Silk Road rather than simply learning through lectures or textbooks. I can see these resources helping my middle school students build a deeper understanding of the topic while keeping them motivated and engaged.—Jenn Wu, Martin Luther King Jr. Middle School, San Francisco, California

 

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On day four, three authors of young adult novels (from top to bottom in image above)—Van Hoang, Judy I. Lin, Waka T. Brown—were featured on a panel titled, “Incorporating Asian American Literature and Voices into Middle School Curricula.” Including the Asian American experience in SPICE/NCTA seminars has been requested by many teachers and also supports the NCTA as it “strives to develop global citizenship based on the principles of cross-cultural understanding, equality, and justice.” 

I loved being part of the summer cohort with SPICE… I was really inspired by the authors’ panel, as I had never heard from authors, especially ones who are so relatable. I love how they intertwine their identity and history and can create such cool stories.—Morgan Johnson, Kenmore School, Arlington, Virginia


Following the institute, each teacher will develop and share an original lesson plan inspired by the knowledge and resources gained throughout the seminar. Some of the themes and concepts that were shared by the lecturers, authors, teachers, and SPICE staff included diaspora, cultural relevance, the master narrative of history, diverse perspectives, and empathy; and SPICE hopes that one or more of these themes will be incorporated into their lessons. 

SPICE is especially grateful to President Graeme Freeman and Vice President Shereen Goto of the Freeman Foundation for their support of the NCTA since 1998 and to Crystal Hsia of the USC U.S.-China Institute for her unwavering support and collaboration. 

The East Asia Summer Institute for Middle School Teachers is one of several free teacher professional development opportunities offered by SPICE.

To stay updated on SPICE news, join our email list and follow us on FacebookX, and Instagram.

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2024 SPICE/NCTA Summer Institute Engages Educators in East Asian and Asian American Studies

Middle school teachers participate in summer institute on East Asia.
2024 SPICE/NCTA Summer Institute Engages Educators in East Asian and Asian American Studies
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Celebrating SPICE’s 50th: SPICE’s Roots in the Bay Area China Education Project (BAYCEP)

BAYCEP was the predecessor program to SPICE, which was established 50 years ago in 1976.
Celebrating SPICE’s 50th: SPICE’s Roots in the Bay Area China Education Project (BAYCEP)
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The 2025 Stanford/SPICE East Asia Seminars for Teachers in Hawai‘i Summer Institute

The Stanford/Freeman SEAS Hawai‘i Fellows gathered at the East-West Center, from July 12 to 14, 2025.
The 2025 Stanford/SPICE East Asia Seminars for Teachers in Hawai‘i Summer Institute
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Taklamakan Desert | Photo courtesy of Professor Albert Dien
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The Summer Institute was made possible by the Freeman Foundation.

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The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (FSI) is pleased to announce that James Fearon will serve as the next co-director of the institute’s Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), effective September 16, 2026.

Fearon is currently the Theodore and Frances Geballe Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences, a professor of political science, and a senior fellow at FSI, where he is affiliated with both CISAC and the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law. In 2021 and 2022, he served as a senior advisor in the U.S. Department of Defense, working primarily on the 2022 National Defense Strategy and its implementation within the Department.

He is the author of several highly influential studies of the causes of interstate and civil war, signaling and bargaining in interstate disputes, and deterrence theory. Earlier this year he published the book Worse than War: The Global Costs of Violence (Princeton University Press), co-authored with Anke Hoeffler, that estimates and compares the prevalence and costs of war with the prevalence and costs of interpersonal violence. His current work includes research on how U.S. and Chinese defense postures affect risks of escalation in the western Pacific; AI and the stability of nuclear deterrence; and the organizational design of defense bureaucracies. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2002, and the National Academy of Sciences in 2012. He received his PhD in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley and joined Stanford as an associate professor in 1998.

“Jim Fearon will be a superb co-director of CISAC,” said outgoing co-director Scott Sagan. “He is one of the nation's finest scholars on bargaining in crises, the causes of interstate and civil wars, and global trends in forms of violence. He combines this scholarly expertise with keen policy interests in Pentagon budgeting, grand strategy, and nuclear weapons. What a great mix of interests and expertise to address international security in a changing world.”

Scott Sagan (right) sits next to former Secretary of Defense William Perry (left)
Scott Sagan with former U.S. Secretary of Defense William J. Perry, another longtime member of the CISAC community. | Light11B

Sagan has served as the co-director of the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) from 2021 to 2026, though his legacy and influence at CISAC extends well beyond the last five years. He previously served as CISAC co-director from 1998 to 2012. In 2021, he returned for another term of leadership service alongside Rodney Ewing, a geologist whose multidisciplinary research led to the development of techniques to predict the long-term behavior of materials used in radioactive waste disposal. Sagan and Ewing led the center together until Ewing’s passing in 2024.

CISAC’s co-director leadership structure has been in place since its founding in 1983, and reflects the belief that it takes scholars from different disciplines with different experiences, ideas, strengths, and interests to solve the most pressing security problems.

“We’re in a new global era where security, technology, geopolitics, and policy are more interconnected than ever before,” said Colin Kahl, director of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. “CISAC is crucial to understanding that intersectionality and producing the knowledge we need to create a safer and more secure world. Scott has led this center with incredible vision, and I am fully confident that Jim, with his unique talents and expertise, will lead CISAC and its community into its next era of growth and world class research.”

CISAC’s mission is to produce policy-relevant research on international security problems, teach and train the next generation of security specialists, and inform policymaking in international security.
 


Things are changing fast in international security affairs. But CISAC has long been the place for high-quality research at the intersection of science, technology, and the politics of international security.
James Fearon
Co-director of CISAC


Under Ewing’s and Sagan’s leadership, CISAC has expanded to include new programs and initiatives such as the Indo-Pacific Policy Lab, led by Oriana Skylar Mastro, whose mission is to disseminate leading academic knowledge on Indo-Pacific security issues to policymakers and build connections between scholars and industry that promote innovation and strengthen regional security and prosperity. Similarly, the new India-U.S. Security Studies Fellowship allows engineers, scientists, historians, and social scientists the opportunity to focus on issues related to Indian and U.S. security issues in collaboration with the CISAC community.

Other initiatives, such as CISAC’s longstanding program on Biosecurity and Global Health, the program on Geopolitics, Technology, and Governance, the initiative on Existential Risks, and their evolving agenda on Cyber Policy and Security, continue to have relevance and reach as global threats and politics evolve.

“It's not clear how the U.S. and global partners can best deal with the complex security dilemmas emerging on the horizon,” said Sagan. “But that’s the role of independent thinking inside a university. We’re independent from bureaucratic inertia. We’re nonpartisan. We’re free to figure out what policies and strategies will lead to a more secure and peaceful world. That’s the goal.”

CISAC’s fellowship and teaching programs are instrumental in training the next generation of security studies specialists.

“CISAC showed me how to be a rigorous and curious academic committed to building community,” said Luis Rodriguez, a former CISAC fellow now teaching at George Mason University.

Ethan Lee (BS, ‘23) feels similarly. Currently an associate in the Defense, Emerging Technology, and Strategy Program at Harvard’s Belfer Center for International Affairs, Lee is an alum of CISAC’s undergraduate honors program, which was established in 2000 as a way of providing Stanford seniors from all disciplines the opportunity to conduct rigorous, scholarly research on international security issues.

“As a student, I felt both challenged and supported at CISAC,” recalled Lee. After graduation, Lee and Sagan co-authored an article on U.S. public opinion, law, and the use of military force against Iran, which is forthcoming in the journal Security Studies. “I have benefited tremendously from Scott’s generosity, and I know I'm just one of many students who have.”

Students from the 2014-15 cohort of the CISAC Undergraduate Honors Program stand around the logo of the Central Intelligence Agency in the atrium of CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia.
Members of the 2014-2015 CISAC Honors Students cohort on a visit to the CIA to discuss their thesis topics with analysts. | Darren L. for the CIA

Alumni of CISAC’s undergraduate honors program and fellowships go on from Stanford to create a global network of policymakers.

“When I take students to the Pentagon or to think tanks in Washington, you meet our former fellows and honors students,” says Sagan. “In major universities across the country, the political science departments and the international security research centers are populated with scholars who came through Stanford. That's a legacy about which all the directors at CISAC should be very proud.”

Looking to the future, incoming co-director James Fearon acknowledges that while there are very real challenges ahead in international relations, there are also increased opportunities for scholars at places like CISAC to make an impact for good.

“Things are changing frighteningly fast in international security affairs, in alarming ways that are often linked with effects of rapid technological change,” Fearon acknowledges. “But CISAC has long been the place for high-quality research at the intersection of science, technology, and the politics of international security. I am excited by the opportunity and am greatly looking forward to working with a fantastic set of scholars building on this tradition in a new international context.”

To learn more about Fearon’s research and how geopolitics and technology are intersecting across borders, listen to the latest episode of the World Class podcast, hosted by FSI Director Colin Kahl.

Fearon’s co-director will be announced in November 2026.

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Pei-Chia Lan, Stanford FSI senior fellow
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Pei-Chia Lan to Join FSI as the Wang and Chen Senior Fellow in Taiwan Studies

Pei-Chia’s research explores the complexity of intersecting social inequalities in everyday life, shaped by macropower dynamics such as globalization and international migration.
Pei-Chia Lan to Join FSI as the Wang and Chen Senior Fellow in Taiwan Studies
Sasha Baker and Tarun Chhabra on the World Class podcast
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Anthropic, OpenAI, and the New Frontier of Artificial Intelligence in National Security

The heads of national security policy at OpenAI and Anthropic join Colin Kahl on the World Class podcast to discuss how AI is changing national security strategies and the nature of U.S.-China competition.
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Michael McFaul Receives the 2026 Hubert H. Humphrey Award

The award is presented annually by the American Political Science Association (APSA) to honor notable public service by a political scientist.
Michael McFaul Receives the 2026 Hubert H. Humphrey Award
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FSI Senior Fellow James Fearon will serve as CISAC's social science co-director. | Rod Searcey
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Fearon, a senior fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute, will succeed Scott Sagan, who has served in the role since 2021.

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This paper considers whether financialization is a necessary stage of financial modernization. It argues that comparisons of financial systems should not stop at the structural distinction between bank finance and market finance, or between indirect and direct finance. Instead, they should examine how credit is identified, recognized, constrained, and circulated, and how credit risk is allocated. A bank-centered system produces credit through relational trust, organizational review, continuous monitoring, and the internalization of risk. A financialized system expands credit circulation through standardization, assetization, securitization, and market transactions. Evidence from Germany, Japan, China, and the United States suggests that bank-centered finance and financialization are not lower and higher stages of the same developmental path, but two different modes of credit organization. The key issue in financial modernization is not a choice between banks and markets, but how institutional boundaries are reorganized between credit embeddedness and credit mobility.  

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From Relational Trust to Credit Transactionalization

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How do portrayals of foreign nations as threats shape public opinion on foreign policy and domestic racial attitudes? This study examines how portrayals of China as a threat influence Americans’ support for U.S. policy toward China and attitudes toward Asian Americans. A content analysis of CNN and Fox News transcripts from 2010 to 2020 shows that both outlets increasingly portrayed China as a threat, although Fox News more often emphasized threats to the United States, whereas CNN focused more on threats affecting other countries, international institutions, and populations. A national survey and a preregistered survey experiment further demonstrate that exposure to China threat narratives, regardless of whether the threat targets the United States or another country, increases support for hawkish U.S. foreign policy and heightens anti-Asian resentment, especially among Republicans. These findings show how portrayals of foreign threats shape public opinion and spill over into racial attitudes at home.

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Media Influence on U.S.-China Policy and Anti-Asian Sentiment

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Stanford University
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Wang and Chen Senior Fellow in Taiwan Studies at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies
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Pei-Chia Lan is the Wang and Chen Senior Fellow in Taiwan Studies at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and the director of the Taiwan Program at the Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center. As a qualitative sociologist, she studies the complexity of intersecting social inequalities in everyday life, shaped by macropower dynamics such as globalization and international migration. 

Before joining Stanford in September 2026, Lan was a distinguished professor in the Department of Sociology at National Taiwan University, where she was the founding director of the Global Asia Research Center and recipient of five teaching awards. 

Her scholarly articles have been published in Ethnic and Racial Studies, International Migration Review, The Sociological Review, and Comparative Migration Studies, among others. She is also the author of several books in Chinese and English, the latter including Raising Global Families: Parenting, Immigration and Class in Taiwan and the US (Stanford University Press, 2018), which examines how ethnic Chinese parents in Taiwan and the United States negotiate cultural differences and class inequality to raise children in the contexts of globalization and immigration; and Global Cinderellas: Migrant Domestics and Newly Rich Employers in Taiwan (Duke University Press, 2006), which won a Distinguished Book Award from the Sex and Gender Section of the American Sociological Association and ICAS Book Prize: Best Study in Social Science from the International Convention of Asian Scholars.

Lan received her doctorate in sociology from Northwestern University, and her bachelor’s and master’s degrees in sociology from National Taiwan University. She was a 2024-2025 Stanford-Taiwan Social Science Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University; a 2011-2012 Yenching-Radcliffe fellow at Harvard University; a 2026-2007 Fulbright scholar at New York University; and a 2000-2001 postdoctoral fellow at the Center for Working Families, University of California, Berkeley. She also held visiting positions at the Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Tubingen University, and IIAS at Leiden University.

She has actively engaged in international professional networks, serving as deputy editor of the journal Gender & Society and an editor or board member for other esteemed journals. Her research cultivates critical dialogue between academia and the public, and her expertise is sought by local government agencies and global organizations alike, as demonstrated by her role on the advisory board of UN Women.

Director, Taiwan Program at the Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center
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The following reflection is a guest post written by Sunny Park, a Fall 2020 alumna of Stanford e-Entrepreneurship Japan, which is currently accepting applications for Fall 2026.

A “smart” high school student is often defined by strong grades, perhaps alongside a few extracurricular activities to strengthen university applications. Before encountering Stanford e-Entrepreneurship Japan (SeEJ), that was largely how I viewed myself. 

I came across SeEJ during the COVID-19 pandemic through a Facebook advertisement. Like many students at the time, I was looking for something more engaging beyond school. I didn’t expect how much it would reshape the way I think about learning, ambition, and possibility. 

What made SeEJ distinct was its focus on people rather than definitions. Each session featured entrepreneurs from different industries, sharing not just what they built, but how they navigated uncertainty, failure, and personal ambition. Seeing such varied paths made me realize that entrepreneurship isn’t a fixed route; it’s a way of thinking. And that was probably the moment when things shifted for me. Until then, I had always thought of my future in fairly narrow terms: choose a subject, go to university, and follow a path that already exists. SeEJ made me realize that there are far more ways to build a life, and that entrepreneurship is less about starting a company and more about taking ownership of what you want to pursue. 

Since then, I’ve found myself saying yes to things I would have hesitated to try before. I’m now in my final year of studying Biology at Imperial College London, and I co-founded a biotech startup called Eidolon Therapeutics. At Eidolon, we’re pioneering microbial protein combinations to combat immunotherapy resistance and inflammation-driven toxicity in cancer. It was through my Year-in-Research program where I met my Co-Founders (i.e., my professor and post-doc supervisor), and I was so fascinated by the research they were conducting I couldn’t help but impatiently suggest building a company out of it. Since then, we’ve been working incredibly hard on making Eidolon real, including joining accelerator programs such as the Cancer Tech Accelerator, Venture Catalyst Challenge, and Conception X. Through building an early-stage startup, I’ve had the chance to meet people I once found intimidating, pitch ideas in front of large audiences, and build relationships that started from simple conversations. 

I don’t think any of that came from a single moment of confidence. If anything, it came from gradually becoming more comfortable with not knowing exactly what I’m doing… and trying it anyway. Based on my journey so far, here are a few reflections for students exploring a similar path:

  1. Be intentional about the opportunities you choose.

There are so many opportunities available as a student! SeEJ, in particular, showed me the value of learning environments where you actively engage with ideas and people. There are many programs available, but depth matters more than quantity. Choose opportunities where you can contribute, ask questions, and grow. 

  1. Focus on genuine connections!

One of the most valuable parts of SeEJ was the access to people with diverse experiences. What I learned is that meaningful connections come from curiosity and sincerity, not from trying to impress. When you approach people with a willingness to learn, they are often more open than you expect. 

  1. Stay engaged beyond the program.

The real impact of SeEJ extended beyond the sessions themselves. Following up with people, continuing conversations, and sharing your own progress helps turn short-term interactions into long-term relationships. Small, consistent effort makes a difference!

  1. Reflect as you go. 

Exploring entrepreneurship alongside academics can be exciting but also overwhelming. Taking time to reflect on what you enjoy, what challenges you, and what kind of path you want to build helps you stay grounded and intentional.

Looking back, SeEJ was a turning point not because it provided a single opportunity, but because it changed how I see opportunities altogether. It reminded me that there isn’t one path to follow, but many that you can create. 

Stanford e-Entrepreneurship Japan is currently accepting applications for Fall 2026. Apply at https://forms.gle/5gkHrhm3X4sycZGG8.

Stanford e-Entrepreneurship Japan is one of several online courses offered by SPICE.

To stay updated on SPICE news, join our email list and follow us on Facebook, X, and Instagram.

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Stanford e-Entrepreneurship Japan: Empowering Young Visionaries to Reimagine Global Challenges for Social Good

High school student Erin Tsutsui, an alumna of Stanford e-Entrepreneurship Japan, reflects on forging friendships across Japan, embracing new world perspectives through thoughtful discussion, and transforming family heritage into a youth-led peace initiative via empathy and social innovation.
Stanford e-Entrepreneurship Japan: Empowering Young Visionaries to Reimagine Global Challenges for Social Good
a group of students standing with signs, "TBC Japan"
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Let’s Be the Strikers: Thoughts on the 2025 Teenage Business Contest Japan

Millie Gan, an alum of Stanford e-Entrepreneurship Japan and founder of Teenage Business Contest Japan (TBCJ), reflects on building a platform that empowers teens to use entrepreneurship and innovation to revitalize Japan’s communities.
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Five Years of Impact: Celebrating the Stanford e-Entrepreneurship Japan Program

Alumni from across Japan gather in Tokyo to celebrate SeEJ’s milestone anniversary.
Five Years of Impact: Celebrating the Stanford e-Entrepreneurship Japan Program
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Sunny Park at the Venture Catalyst Challenge at Imperial College London, UK. | Photo courtesy of Sunny Park
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Sunny Park, an alum of Stanford e-Entrepreneurship Japan and cofounder of Eidolon Therapeutics, reflects on adopting an entrepreneur’s mindset, embracing opportunity, and creating one’s own path in life.

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